{"id":21,"date":"2026-02-16T11:53:48","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:53:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/?page_id=21"},"modified":"2026-02-27T11:22:40","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T11:22:40","slug":"research-papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/research-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Papers"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"21\" class=\"elementor elementor-21\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-203e8d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"203e8d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02e650a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-tablet__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02e650a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Papers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a396fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0a396fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d9f4e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7d9f4e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f072db4 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f072db4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/publications\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Go Back<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a43e85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7a43e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab52dfc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab52dfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0e3b83 e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"b0e3b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"185482115\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821151\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821151\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821151\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAll\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821152\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821152\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821152\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tPolitical Theory\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821153\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821153\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821153\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tGeopolitics &amp; International Relations\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821154\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821154\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821154\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSociety &amp; Civilization\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821155\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821155\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821155\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tIslamic Norms\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821151\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821151\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-db20b3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db20b3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-988d2ab e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"988d2ab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-205104c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"205104c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_70 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_70\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The Ummatics Institute publishes original research papers on a range of ummatic issues for the benefit of scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike.<\/span><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Our papers serve to\u00a0<em><b>develop<\/b><\/em>,\u00a0<em><b>engage<\/b><\/em>, and\u00a0<em><b>enhance<\/b><\/em>, both scholarly and popular discourses on ummatic thought and practice by interrogating the various social, political, economic, religious, and historical questions most pertinent to the life and future of the Muslim Umma.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cff786e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cff786e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e09341c elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"e09341c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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1px;--border-top-width:1px;--border-right-width:1px;--border-bottom-width:1px;--border-left-width:1px;border-color:#FFDC00;--border-color:#FFDC00;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fefdc18{--display:flex;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fd7ef36{--display:flex;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fd7ef36:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-fd7ef36 > .elementor-motion-effects-container > .elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:#FFFFFF;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-title .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-75920e0 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:\"Roboto\", Sans-serif;font-size:23px;font-weight:600;color:#090909;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-75920e0{width:var( --container-widget-width, 78.993% );max-width:78.993%;--container-widget-width:78.993%;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-75920e0.elementor-element{--flex-grow:0;--flex-shrink:0;}.elementor-widget-icon-list .elementor-icon-list-item:not(:last-child):after{border-color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-widget-icon-list .elementor-icon-list-icon i{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-widget-icon-list 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);}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-icon i{color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-text a{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-item{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d7a97e7 .elementor-icon-list-icon{width:14px;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d7a97e7 .elementor-icon-list-icon i{font-size:14px;}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d7a97e7 .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{--e-icon-list-icon-size:14px;}.elementor-widget-button .elementor-button{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-accent-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-accent-font-weight );background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent );}.elementor-79 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7259922 .elementor-button{font-family:\"Montserrat\", Sans-serif;font-weight:500;fill:#282B28;color:#282B28;background-color:#FFDC00;}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-77 post-77 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-mustafa-salama-and-younis-sarwer\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-75\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2.webp 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">Literature Review on Political Unification<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Mustafa Salama and Younis Sarwer<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-72 post-72 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-ali-harfouch\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-76\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">On the Origins of Neoliberalism<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Ali Harfouch<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-69 post-69 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-75\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2.webp 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">Islamic Political Theology<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Featured<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-64 post-64 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-65\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">Ramadan Series 1446 | Worship &#038; World Making<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Featured<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-62 post-62 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-67\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">Istanbul Forum 2024 | Debate: The Search for Authority in the Muslim World<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span 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href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/toward-an-ummatic-vision-for-advanced-ai\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Toward-an-Ummatic-Vision-for-Advanced-AI-feature-image-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-60\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Toward-an-Ummatic-Vision-for-Advanced-AI-feature-image-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Toward-an-Ummatic-Vision-for-Advanced-AI-feature-image-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Toward-an-Ummatic-Vision-for-Advanced-AI-feature-image-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Toward-an-Ummatic-Vision-for-Advanced-AI-feature-image.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/toward-an-ummatic-vision-for-advanced-ai\/\">Toward an Ummatic Vision for Advanced AI<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/toward-an-ummatic-vision-for-advanced-ai\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Colloquium<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/toward-an-ummatic-vision-for-advanced-ai\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821152\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821152\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-cb43983 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb43983\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b303253 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b303253\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d2404c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d2404c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1821ba elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1821ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our approach to political theory focuses on the Umma as a central conceptual space in the study of descriptive\/empirical questions in political science as well as prescriptive\/normative questions in political philosophy.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bc6a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bc6a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">Ummatic political theory covers broad issues pertaining to\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>,\u00a0<em>iqamat al-din<\/em>, and the nature of the Quranic mission, as well as human rights, questions of collective existence and action, and more. All of this is undertaken with and through an engagement of relevant scholarship from the Islamic and human sciences.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec5df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"eec5df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Some of the questions and areas covered by our study of Political Theory <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6752d48 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6752d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5865633 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5865633\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a33bd3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a33bd3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><ul><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Political theory of the caliphate and its institutions<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Classical Islamic political theory (major thinkers, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular focus on the theoretical aspects of the\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>ahkam sultaniyya<\/em>\u00a0literature<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Modern Islamic political theory (major thinkers, movements, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular emphasis on their engagements with contemporary problems<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of governance practices in historical caliphates<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of authoritarianism, dysfunction, and disunity in the post-colonial and contemporary Muslim world<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of liberal political theory and its foundational concepts (freedom, democracy, secularism)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consideration and critique of non-liberal theories (including communitarian, agonistic, Christian, Marxist, feminist, and decolonial theories)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e196f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01e196f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ba8df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ba8df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-citadel-salahuddin-ayyubi-1024x540-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-284\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-citadel-salahuddin-ayyubi-1024x540-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-citadel-salahuddin-ayyubi-1024x540-1-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-citadel-salahuddin-ayyubi-1024x540-1-768x405.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821153\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821153\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-91b5fb8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91b5fb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-430b466 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"430b466\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d4ada3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d4ada3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7e10c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b7e10c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our approach to political theory focuses on the Umma as a central conceptual space in the study of descriptive\/empirical questions in political science as well as prescriptive\/normative questions in political philosophy.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8984c2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8984c2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">Ummatic political theory covers broad issues pertaining to\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>,\u00a0<em>iqamat al-din<\/em>, and the nature of the Quranic mission, as well as human rights, questions of collective existence and action, and more. All of this is undertaken with and through an engagement of relevant scholarship from the Islamic and human sciences.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e124545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"e124545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2360\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2360\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Some of the questions and areas covered by our study of Political Theory <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2360\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0440b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0440b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2360\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88a50f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"88a50f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f67ce54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f67ce54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><ul><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Political theory of the caliphate and its institutions<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Classical Islamic political theory (major thinkers, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular focus on the theoretical aspects of the\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>ahkam sultaniyya<\/em>\u00a0literature<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Modern Islamic political theory (major thinkers, movements, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular emphasis on their engagements with contemporary problems<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of governance practices in historical caliphates<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of authoritarianism, dysfunction, and disunity in the post-colonial and contemporary Muslim world<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of liberal political theory and its foundational concepts (freedom, democracy, secularism)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consideration and critique of non-liberal theories (including communitarian, agonistic, Christian, Marxist, feminist, and decolonial theories)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e78c4bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e78c4bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d0c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1d0c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-hagia-sophia-1024x540-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-294\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-hagia-sophia-1024x540-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-hagia-sophia-1024x540-1-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-hagia-sophia-1024x540-1-768x405.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821154\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821154\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-293299e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"293299e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e46cf3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e46cf3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b58e79 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b58e79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77189ca elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"77189ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our approach to political theory focuses on the Umma as a central conceptual space in the study of descriptive\/empirical questions in political science as well as prescriptive\/normative questions in political philosophy.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd90f85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd90f85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">Ummatic political theory covers broad issues pertaining to\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>,\u00a0<em>iqamat al-din<\/em>, and the nature of the Quranic mission, as well as human rights, questions of collective existence and action, and more. All of this is undertaken with and through an engagement of relevant scholarship from the Islamic and human sciences.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae20342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"ae20342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Some of the questions and areas covered by our study of Political Theory <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-167de56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"167de56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fa041e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fa041e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e386ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e386ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><ul><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Political theory of the caliphate and its institutions<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Classical Islamic political theory (major thinkers, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular focus on the theoretical aspects of the\u00a0<em>siyasa shar\u2019iyya<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>ahkam sultaniyya<\/em>\u00a0literature<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Modern Islamic political theory (major thinkers, movements, models, development, genealogy, critiques), with a particular emphasis on their engagements with contemporary problems<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of governance practices in historical caliphates<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of authoritarianism, dysfunction, and disunity in the post-colonial and contemporary Muslim world<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Analysis and critical evaluation of liberal political theory and its foundational concepts (freedom, democracy, secularism)<\/span><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consideration and critique of non-liberal theories (including communitarian, agonistic, Christian, Marxist, feminist, and decolonial theories)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fedfc45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fedfc45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b33eaeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b33eaeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"422\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-ibn-youssef-school-1024x540-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-298\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-ibn-youssef-school-1024x540-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-ibn-youssef-school-1024x540-1-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-ibn-youssef-school-1024x540-1-768x405.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1854821155\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1854821155\" data-tab-index=\"5\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 5;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-321f2e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"321f2e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e5271f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e5271f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e9951a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e9951a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-807f7ce elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"807f7ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The study of Islamic Norms tackles questions and problems pertaining to the discourses of Islamic tradition by situating them within the Qur\u2019an and Prophetic model.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb808ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb808ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">This area covers a number of issues pertaining to usul al-fiqh, usul al-din, and fiqh with attention given to those components that are relevant to ummatic thought and practice. This is undertaken with and through an engagement primarily of traditional Islamic scholarship, as well as of worthy contributions from Islamic and religious studies from the academy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_72 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_72\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">The Ummatics Institute is committed to the Islamic normative tradition, grounded in the Qur\u2019an and Prophetic model. It is thus focused on the study and discourse of Islamic norms. These sharia norms circumscribe and orient the social and political aspirations and actions of the Umma.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_73 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_73\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\">While some of these norms are clear, foundational matters of consensus, many more are subject to difference and scholarly reflection, debate, and discourse. It is this latter that we seek to facilitate and further.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0165e0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"0165e0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Some of the questions and areas covered by our study of Islamic Norms <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dab276 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3dab276\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1460\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cabdc0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cabdc0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e1f616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e1f616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7321090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7321090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a064b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a064b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_71 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_71\"><ul><li class=\"tdm-descr\"><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_82 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_82\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Delineating and elaborating on the sharia foundations of ummatics<\/span><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_83 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_83\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What is the line between definite (qat\u2019i) and preponderant (dhanni) norms, how is it determined, and what is the methodological scope of valid difference in the latter?<\/span><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_84 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_84\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Discussions of sharia norms in terms of specific relevant areas such as political, economic, and social models and transformations<\/span><\/p><\/div><div class=\"tdm_block td_block_wrap tdm_block_inline_text tdi_85 td-pb-border-top td_block_template_1\" data-td-block-uid=\"tdi_85\"><p class=\"tdm-descr\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">What is the role of shar\u2019i maqasid and modern realities in the determination of applicable shar\u2019i norms in relevant areas?<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/li><li class=\"tdm-descr\">\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-228534e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"228534e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1144b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a1144b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-masjid-nabawi-1024x532-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-299\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-masjid-nabawi-1024x532-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-masjid-nabawi-1024x532-1-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hero-masjid-nabawi-1024x532-1-768x399.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c9c989 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c9c989\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f78877 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid\" data-id=\"4f78877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;79&quot;,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\\&quot;loop-item\\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-grid.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-loop-container elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-77 post-77 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-mustafa-salama-and-younis-sarwer\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-75\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2.webp 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">Literature Review on Political Unification<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Mustafa Salama and Younis Sarwer<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/literature-review-on-political-unification\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-72 post-72 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-ali-harfouch\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-76\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Stock-Exchange-Religion-Feature-Image.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">On the Origins of Neoliberalism<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Ali Harfouch<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/on-the-origins-of-neoliberalism\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-69 post-69 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-75\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-1024x577.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Political-Unification-Feature-Image-2.webp 1444w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">Islamic Political Theology<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Featured<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/islamic-political-theology\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-64 post-64 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-1024x576.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-65\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RAMADAN-SERIES-1446-web-thumb.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">Ramadan Series 1446 | Worship &#038; World Making<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Featured<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/ramadan-series-1446-worship-world-making\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"79\" class=\"elementor elementor-79 e-loop-item e-loop-item-62 post-62 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-featured\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-affe690 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"affe690\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fefdc18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fefdc18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97854d elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97854d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-67\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Web-thumb-DEBATE_\u2028ABOLISHING-THE-CALIPHATE-1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7ef36 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fd7ef36\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75920e0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75920e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">Istanbul Forum 2024 | Debate: The Search for Authority in the Muslim World<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9048aee elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"9048aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\"><span>Featured<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7a97e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"d7a97e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9cb75b9 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time>February 18, 2026<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7259922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/18\/istanbul-forum-2024-debate-the-search-for-authority-in-the-muslim-world\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read Paper<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c344a6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2c344a6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0d1094 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e0d1094\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Papers Go Back All Political Theory Geopolitics &amp; International Relations Society &amp; Civilization Islamic Norms The Ummatics Institute publishes original research papers on a range of ummatic issues for the benefit of scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike. Our papers serve to\u00a0develop,\u00a0engage, and\u00a0enhance, both scholarly and popular discourses on ummatic thought and practice by interrogating [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":830,"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions\/830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/irfan-design.mmtdemo.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}